The Prophecies of the Popes
Saint Malachy and Papal Succession Explained and Analyzed
The prophecies of Saint Malachy claim to list 112 future popes, offering brief Latin descriptions that many believe outline the succession of popes from the 12th century to the present. Attributed to a 12th-century Irish archbishop and first published in the late 16th century, these predictions have fascinated both historians and the curious for centuries.
Interest in the prophecies has grown in recent years, especially as the 112th pope—interpreted by some to be Pope Francis—now leads the Catholic Church. The idea that these prophecies may have predicted not only each pontiff but also the possible end of the papacy continues to provoke debate.
Readers exploring the legacy of Saint Malachy will encounter a blend of faith, skepticism, and historical intrigue as they examine whether the list was divinely inspired, cleverly crafted, or simply a product of its time.
The Origins of the Prophecies of the Popes
The Prophecy of the Popes, attributed to Saint Malachy, is a well-known sequence of phrases said to foretell the identities and characteristics of Catholic pontiffs. Its publication history, origins, and the people involved, such as Arnold Wion, remain central to understanding its influence on papal history.
Saint Malachy: Life and Canonization
Saint Malachy was born in 1094 in Armagh, Ireland. He became the Archbishop of Armagh and served as a reformer of the Irish Church during the 12th century. Malachy is remembered for his commitment to aligning the Irish Church more closely with Roman practices.
He gained a reputation for piety, dedication, and several accounts of miracles. Malachy was canonized in 1190 by Pope Clement III, making him the first Irish saint officially recognized by the Catholic Church.
Malachy also acted as a papal legate, furthering his influence both in Ireland and Rome. His visits to the Holy See and interactions with high clergy brought him into the spotlight of both religious and historical records.
Historical Context of the Prophecies
The so-called Prophecy of the Popes consists of 112 brief Latin phrases, each said to refer to a future pope. The list describes popes in cryptic terms, such as geographic references or symbolic metaphors.
There is no evidence that the prophecy existed before the late 16th century. It first appeared in Rome during a time when church politics were tense, especially regarding papal succession and conclave intrigues.
Many historians consider the prophecies to be forgeries designed to influence the papacy during this period. The secrecy and mystery around their appearance fueled speculation and widespread interest among cardinals and scholars.
Arnold Wion and the Lignum Vitae
Arnold Wion, a Benedictine monk and historian, was responsible for the first publication of the Prophecy of the Popes in 1595. He included the text in his work Lignum Vitae (“Tree of Life”), which chronicled the lives of Benedictine saints and notable figures.
Wion attributed the list of prophecies to Saint Malachy without offering direct evidence. His book soon attracted attention for combining traditional hagiography with sensational claims about papal succession.
Lignum Vitae played a key role in popularizing the prophecy and linking it to Catholic tradition. The association between Malachy and the prophecies continued largely due to Wion’s influence and the credibility his compilation brought to the legend.
Structure and Content of the Prophecies
The Prophecy of the Popes, attributed to Saint Malachy, sets forth a schema of papal succession using Latin mottos for each pontiff. These cryptic phrases, their order, and the vivid symbolism at play have prompted wide debate regarding their source, meaning, and intended predictions.
Number and Sequence of Popes
The prophecy consists of 112 short Latin mottos, each corresponding to a pope (or in some cases, an antipope) from Celestine II (elected in 1143) into the future.
A key aspect is the strict numerical list, where each motto describes a distinct pontiff. According to the text, the final motto, “Petrus Romanus,” is assigned to the last pope, identified in the prophecy as enduring great tribulation before the destruction of Rome.
The sequence provides an unbroken outline of papal succession. The list does not always align perfectly with the historical order, as interpretations sometimes differ on which mottos match particular popes, especially in the medieval and Renaissance periods.
Analysis of the Mottos
Each motto is typically a short phrase or title, such as “Gloria Olivae” (“Glory of the Olive”) for one recent pontiff. Some mottos refer to personal backgrounds, coat of arms symbols, family names, or even places associated with each pope. For example, a pope with olive branches on his crest or ties to the Mount of Olives might fit “Gloria Olivae.”
Others are much more ambiguous and open to interpretation, lacking any apparent link to known biographies or events, making them subject to considerable debate. Some researchers have attempted to correlate each Latin phrase with real-life papal activities, features, or historical events, but the connections are often speculative.
Symbolism and Hidden Meanings
The mottos make frequent use of symbolic imagery that can have multiple interpretations. Terms like “solar eclipse” or references to biblical locations like the Mount of Olives appear, suggesting possible apocalyptic themes or religious metaphor.
Some symbols, such as the olive branch, are interpreted to signify peace, connections to monastic orders (like the Olivetans), or scriptural references. Others are cryptically phrased to encourage layered interpretations, blurring the boundary between literal predictions and symbolic expression.
The hidden meanings in these mottos, paired with their brevity, have made them a subject for scholarly analysis and speculation, particularly where the prophecies suggest troubled times or dramatic events for the Church.
Major Figures in the Papal Prophecies
The prophecies attributed to St. Malachy center on key popes throughout history, particularly those whose reigns or symbolism connect directly to the cryptic Latin phrases in the list. Notable figures include Celestine II, Pope Benedict XVI (identified as Gloria Olivae), and Pope Francis, who is linked to the supposed prophecy concerning the final pope.
Celestine II and the Beginning of the List
St. Malachy's list starts with Celestine II, who was elected pope in 1143. He marks the first of the 112 figures described in the prophecy.
The prophecy opens with a phrase many scholars believe refers to Celestine II’s background and coat of arms. The alignment between his reign and the description sets the template for how later phrases would be interpreted.
As the initial figure, Celestine II’s inclusion grounds the prophecies in a specific historical period. This origin point allows subsequent entries to be compared directly with actual papal history.
Historians have debated whether the accuracy of his entry provides evidence for or against the authenticity of the entire list. Many have noted that specific details about Celestine II’s life gave interpreters a basis for retroactively fitting cryptic phrases to each pope.
Pope Benedict XVI and Gloria Olivae
Pope Benedict XVI is commonly associated with the Latin phrase "Gloria Olivae" or "The Glory of the Olive." He served as pope from 2005 to 2013.
Some interpreters link "Olivae" to the Order of Saint Benedict, whose symbol is the olive branch. However, Benedict XVI was not a member of the Olivetan branch, which is a different order within the Benedictine tradition.
During his papacy, speculation increased about whether the prophecy foreshadowed a peaceful or tumultuous era. The connection is largely symbolic, focusing on the themes of peace and spiritual leadership.
Benedict XVI’s resignation in 2013 added further intrigue. In the prophecies, he is considered the penultimate pope, with his successor tied to the last prophecy on the list.
Pope Francis and the Elderly Pope Prophecy
Pope Francis, elected in 2013, is linked by some readers to the final prophecy in the St. Malachy list. The descriptions for Pope Francis reference "Peter the Roman," though his papal name does not explicitly align with the phrase.
Francis is notable for his age at election and his emphasis on humility and reform. The prophecy describes this pope as "reigning during great tribulation," which some associate with modern social and religious challenges.
Unlike previous popes, Francis has confronted expectations created by the prophecy, with ongoing debates about whether his papacy signals the end of the list or a symbolic culmination.
While the link with “elderly pope” comes partly from his age at election, the prophecy remains open to interpretation and debate among historians and theologians.
Legend of Peter the Roman and the Last Pope
The prophecies attributed to Saint Malachy famously predict a final pope known as "Peter the Roman." His symbolic role is closely tied to apocalyptic themes and theories about the papacy's ultimate destiny. Discussions of this figure often intersect with traditions about the Patriarch of Jerusalem and broader ideas about the end times.
Petrus Romanus and the End of the World
In Saint Malachy's list, the final pope is called "Petrus Romanus" or Peter the Roman. The prophecy describes him as the shepherd who will guide the church through a period of great tribulation, potentially leading to the destruction of Rome.
This part of the prophecy has attracted attention because it is far more detailed than the others. It specifically mentions catastrophic events and implies that the reign of Peter the Roman will coincide with the end of the world—or "the end of times." There is no historical figure that matches all the attributes described, and many historians remain skeptical about both the list’s authenticity and its accuracy.
Notably, the prophecy does not clearly state that the pope following Benedict XVI—or the current Pope Francis—is definitely Peter the Roman. Interpretations vary, and some believe that the identity of this figure remains unknown.
Key Themes:
Peter the Roman as the last pope
Association with tribulation and the end
Ambiguity in historical and prophetic details
The Role of the Patriarch of Jerusalem
The Patriarch of Jerusalem is sometimes mentioned in discussions about the end times and papal succession. While Saint Malachy's original prophecies do not explicitly link the Patriarch of Jerusalem with Peter the Roman, later interpretations and related legends have drawn connections between these roles.
The significance of Jerusalem in Christian tradition, especially regarding eschatology, has led to speculation that the patriarch could play a part in future events. These ideas include the possibility of the papacy relocating to Jerusalem if Rome is destroyed, extending the symbolism of Peter the Roman beyond the city of Rome itself.
Although there is no direct evidence in the published text of the prophecies, the Patriarch of Jerusalem remains an important religious leader. Lists and discussion tables about papal succession sometimes include this patriarchate for its symbolic and historical value, though it is distinct from the line of Roman popes.
Notable Points:
Occasional association with end-time prophecies
No direct link in Saint Malachy's list
Important in Christian eschatological thought
Notable Papal Mottos and Interpretations
Certain mottos from the Prophecy of the Popes have drawn particular attention due to their cryptic descriptions and apparent links to specific pontificates. These mottos are often cited in discussions about the credibility and relevance of the prophecy.
De Labore Solis and Lumen in Caelo
The motto De Labore Solis (“Of the Labor of the Sun”) is linked to Pope John Paul II. Supporters point out his birth and funeral both occurred on days with solar eclipses, interpreting these as celestial bookends to his life. Some also see symbolic references to his extensive global travels as pope, suggesting a link to the sun’s movement across the earth.
Lumen in Caelo (“Light in the Sky”) corresponds to Pope Leo XIII. This interpretation often focuses on the star imagery in his family crest, which includes a comet or shining star. Those who favor the prophecy argue that such heraldic motifs support the association, while critics note the vagueness and retrospective fitting of these links.
Motto Translation Associated Pope Key Symbolism De Labore Solis Of the Labor of the Sun John Paul II Solar eclipses, world travels Lumen in Caelo Light in the Sky Leo XIII Star/comet on family coat of arms
Crux de Cruce and Pastor Angelicus
The phrase Crux de Cruce (“Cross from a Cross”) is tied to Pope Pius IX. Some interpretations focus on his family’s coat of arms, which reportedly featured a cross, and his deep association with suffering during the turbulent period of his papacy. Others view the motto as alluding to the trials and ‘crosses’ faced during his long reign.
Pastor Angelicus (“Angelic Shepherd”) applies to Pope Pius XII. Admirers highlight his reputation for piety and his intellectual, almost ascetic, approach to the papacy. Some also point to his interventions during World War II, suggesting his actions aligned with the image of a shepherd guiding his flock.
Motto Translation Associated Pope Key Symbolism Crux de Cruce Cross from a Cross Pius IX Heraldic cross, papal suffering Pastor Angelicus Angelic Shepherd Pius XII Spiritual leadership, wartime guidance
Controversies and Criticism of the Prophecies
Many scholars and religious historians question the legitimacy of the Prophecies of the Popes. Concerns focus on the origins of the text and how external influences, such as Nostradamus, have shaped their interpretation.
Forgery Theories and Authenticity Debates
The Prophecies attributed to Saint Malachy first emerged in printed form in 1595, over 400 years after his death. No contemporary documents support the claim that Malachy authored the cryptic Latin phrases.
Numerous historians argue the prophecies may have been fabricated to influence papal elections. The level of detail in the mottos for popes before 1590 appears more precise than for later popes, fueling doubts about authenticity. Some researchers suggest the prophecies were crafted retrospectively to fit historical papal figures.
Critics also highlight inconsistencies and generic symbols that make the mottos easily adaptable. This has led many to classify the text as a likely forgery and view it with skepticism.
Impact of Nostradamus and Other Prophets
The popularity of the Prophecies of Saint Malachy grew alongside interest in other famous prophets, most notably Nostradamus. Parallels between the interpretive methods used for both authors contributed to an increase in apocalyptic speculation.
Nostradamus’s cryptic quatrains set a precedent for vague and symbolic prophecy. As a result, later readers often approached the Malachy mottos in a similar way, applying flexible interpretations to historical events and papal personalities.
This tendency to link Malachy’s predictions with broader traditions of prophecy has blurred distinctions between genuine prediction and creative reinterpretation. The widespread fascination with doomsday prophecies further amplified their reach in modern popular culture.
The Prophecies' Influence on Papal Elections
The prophecies attributed to Saint Malachy have attracted both curiosity and skepticism within the Catholic world. Interest frequently intensifies during periods of papal transition, especially as names from the prophecy align—closely or loosely—with contemporary candidates.
Conclaves and the Papal Selection Process
The conclave is the formal gathering where cardinals choose a new pope after a papal vacancy. Saint Malachy's list, with its brief mottos for each pope, has at times drawn the attention of both clergy and laity during these proceedings. However, the official process remains grounded in tradition, secrecy, and the criteria established by canon law.
Historically, the actual influence of the prophecy during conclaves has been minimal. Cardinals are instructed to pray and deliberate, focusing on spiritual readiness and leadership quality. Despite the popularity of the prophecy among some Catholic circles, there is no record of the mottos explicitly affecting the cardinals' ballots.
From the 12th to the 13th centuries, papal figures such as Lucius II, Eugene III, Anastasius IV, and Adrian IV succeeded each other through election by their peers, not by fulfillment of prophecy. The conclave format—evolving through controversies, such as during the rival claims of Victor IV and Paschal III—prioritized unity over external expectations.
Prominent Cardinals and Candidates
Speculation about the prophecy peaks when prominent cardinals emerge as likely contenders. Media and some faithful may search for connections between the prophecy's mottos and the biographies of cardinals, occasionally suggesting symbolic links based on names, places, or events.
For instance, candidates in modern conclaves have been scrutinized for links to the prophecy, but none have openly referenced it as a guide for selection. Notably, past popes such as Alexander III, Victor IV, and Callixtus III were elected amid complex historical and political contexts, with little practical consideration of prophetic texts.
Some lists and discussions mention cardinals or former claimants like Lucius III and Clement III, but historians note the lack of direct evidence showing the prophecy sways the decisions of cardinal electors. Ultimately, the central concern in papal selection remains doctrine, leadership, and unity, rather than fulfillment of Saint Malachy's predictions.
Legacy and Cultural Impact of the Papal Prophecies
Saint Malachy's “Prophecies of the Popes” have become a recurring topic of discussion during papal transitions and times of crisis in the Catholic Church. The prophecies have influenced religious commentary and sparked popular speculation about the future of the papacy.
Role in Catholic Tradition and Popular Culture
While the Catholic Church does not recognize the Prophecies of Saint Malachy as part of its official teachings, the list of popes and their supposed mottos have frequently captured public interest. During the election of each new pope, especially recent ones such as Pope Francis, renewed attention often surrounds the alleged predictions.
The prophecies are sometimes referenced in newspapers, books, and television specials, reflecting their lasting place in Western culture. They have been linked with concerns about “the last pope” or doomsday scenarios, often stirring debates among believers and skeptics alike.
For many, these predictions serve more as curiosities or conversation pieces than as authoritative prophetic tradition. They also inspire creative works, appearing in novels and documentaries about the Vatican and papal mysteries.
Comparative Influence with Other Predictions
Unlike Nostradamus, whose vague predictions have been applied to a wide range of historical events, Saint Malachy’s prophecies focus specifically on the succession of popes. This clear subject matter gives them a unique niche in the world of religious predictions.
However, Malachy’s list only gained widespread attention centuries after its supposed creation, leading many historians to question its authenticity. By contrast, Nostradamus’s writings have been in constant circulation since the 16th century, with a broader interpretive influence beyond the Catholic Church.
The direct association with popes and Vatican history sets Malachy’s prophecies apart from other apocalyptic predictions. Nonetheless, both have been recurrently revisited during periods of instability or major change in the Church, shaping cultural commentary about the future of Catholicism.
Related Symbolism and Theological Implications
Key symbols within the Prophecy of the Popes provide insight into broader themes of spirituality, religious identity, and papal destiny. Interpretations often bridge history, Scripture, and tradition, revealing a tapestry of ideas about fate and divine guidance.
St. Benedict and the Olivetans
The Prophecy attaches specific mottos to many popes, several drawing from the legacy of St. Benedict and associated orders. For example, the phrase “Religio Depopulata”—meaning “Religion destroyed”—is linked to the time of widespread secular upheaval, referencing periods where Benedictine influence appeared threatened. These mottos are not only predictions but signals of religious trends and institutional shifts.
The Olivetans, a branch of the Benedictine family, are also evoked through symbols in some prophecies. The motto “Fides Intrepida” (“Unshaken Faith”) was interpreted by some as related to the Olivetans’ enduring presence during periods of church reform. Motifs such as “Flos Florum” (“Flower of Flowers”)—linked to the fleur-de-lis—symbolically reference purity and the role of monastic orders in church life.
By connecting mottos to monastic traditions, the prophecy highlights the enduring importance of religious symbols throughout papal history. These references serve as reminders of the varied spiritual heritages influencing Catholicism’s leadership.
Theological Reflections on Prophecy and Fate
The Prophecy of the Popes invokes debate over the intersection of divine providence and human agency within church leadership. For many, these predictions raise questions about how fate and free will coexist. Catholic theology teaches that God’s providence guides the Church, yet each pope acts within the bounds of personal decision and conscience.
Some theologians argue that prophecies, including those attributed to St. Malachy, are best seen as meditations rather than concrete forecasts. This view sees the mottos as encouraging spiritual vigilance rather than determining papal succession. The suggestion that Pope Francis—listed as the 112th in the prophecy—marks an endpoint has fueled speculation but remains outside official doctrine.
The prophetic mottos also serve as reflection points, prompting consideration of leadership qualities such as perseverance (Fides Intrepida) or transformation during crisis (Religio Depopulata). In this way, they invite ongoing theological exploration of how spirituality, prophecy, and history converge.
